Página 12 dos resultados de 2601 itens digitais encontrados em 0.091 segundos

## Neutral stability, rate propagation, and critical branching in feedforward networks

Gajic, Natasha Cayco; Shea-Brown, Eric
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
45.58%
Recent experimental and computational evidence suggests that several dynamical properties may characterize the operating point of functioning neural networks: critical branching, neutral stability, and production of a wide range of firing patterns. We seek the simplest setting in which these properties emerge, clarifying their origin and relationship in random, feedforward networks of McCullochs-Pitts neurons. Two key parameters are the thresholds at which neurons fire spikes, and the overall level of feedforward connectivity. When neurons have low thresholds, we show that there is always a connectivity for which the properties in question all occur: that is, these networks preserve overall firing rates from layer to layer and produce broad distributions of activity in each layer. This fails to occur, however, when neurons have high thresholds. A key tool in explaining this difference is eigenstructure of the resulting mean-field Markov chain, as this reveals which activity modes will be preserved from layer to layer. We extend our analysis from purely excitatory networks to more complex models that include inhibition and 'local' noise, and find that both of these features extend the parameter ranges over which networks produce the properties of interest.

## Evolving networks in the human epileptic brain

Lehnertz, Klaus; Ansmann, Gerrit; Bialonski, Stephan; Dickten, Henning; Geier, Christian; Porz, Stephan
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
45.58%
Network theory provides novel concepts that promise an improved characterization of interacting dynamical systems. Within this framework, evolving networks can be considered as being composed of nodes, representing systems, and of time-varying edges, representing interactions between these systems. This approach is highly attractive to further our understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological dynamics in human brain networks. Indeed, there is growing evidence that the epileptic process can be regarded as a large-scale network phenomenon. We here review methodologies for inferring networks from empirical time series and for a characterization of these evolving networks. We summarize recent findings derived from studies that investigate human epileptic brain networks evolving on timescales ranging from few seconds to weeks. We point to possible pitfalls and open issues, and discuss future perspectives.; Comment: In press (Physica D)

## An Analytical Approach to Connectivity in Regular Neuronal Networks

Costa, Luciano da Fontoura; Barbosa, Marconi Soares
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
45.58%
This paper describes how realistic neuromorphic networks can have their connectivity fully characterized in analytical fashion. By assuming that all neurons have the same shape and are regularly distributed along the two-dimensional orthogonal lattice with parameter $\Delta$, it is possible to obtain the exact number of connections and cycles of any length from the autoconvolution function as well as from the respective spectral density derived from the adjacency matrix. It is shown that neuronal shape plays an important role in defining the spatial distribution of synapses in neuronal networks. In addition, we observe that neuromorphic networks typically exhibit an interesting phenomenon where the pattern of connections is progressively shifted along the spatial domain for increasing connection lengths. This is a consequence of the fact that in neurons the axon reference point usually does not coincide with the cell centre of mass. Morphological measurements for characterization of the spatial distribution of connections, including the adjacency matrix spectral density and the lacunarity of the connections, are suggested and illustrated. We also show that Hopfield networks with connectivity defined by different neuronal morphologies...

## Synchronization is optimal in non-diagonalizable networks

Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
45.58%
We consider the problem of maximizing the synchronizability of oscillator networks by assigning weights and directions to the links of a given interaction topology. We first extend the well-known master stability formalism to the case of non-diagonalizable networks. We then show that, unless some oscillator is connected to all the others, networks of maximum synchronizability are necessarily non-diagonalizable and can always be obtained by imposing unidirectional information flow with normalized input strengths. The extension makes the formalism applicable to all possible network structures, while the maximization results provide insights into hierarchical structures observed in complex networks in which synchronization plays a significant role.; Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure; minor revision

## A biophysical observation model for field potentials of networks of leaky integrate-and-fire neurons

Graben, Peter beim; Rodrigues, Serafim
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
45.59%
We present a biophysical approach for the coupling of neural network activity as resulting from proper dipole currents of cortical pyramidal neurons to the electric field in extracellular fluid. Starting from a reduced threecompartment model of a single pyramidal neuron, we derive an observation model for dendritic dipole currents in extracellular space and thereby for the dendritic field potential that contributes to the local field potential of a neural population. This work aligns and satisfies the widespread dipole assumption that is motivated by the "open-field" configuration of the dendritic field potential around cortical pyramidal cells. Our reduced three-compartment scheme allows to derive networks of leaky integrate-and-fire models, which facilitates comparison with existing neural network and observation models. In particular, by means of numerical simulations we compare our approach with an ad hoc model by Mazzoni et al. [Mazzoni, A., S. Panzeri, N. K. Logothetis, and N. Brunel (2008). Encoding of naturalistic stimuli by local field potential spectra in networks of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. PLoS Computational Biology 4 (12), e1000239], and conclude that our biophysically motivated approach yields substantial improvement.; Comment: 31 pages...

## eXamine: Exploring annotated modules in networks

Dinkla, Kasper; El-Kebir, Mohammed; Bucur, Cristina-Iulia; Siderius, Marco; Smit, Martine J.; Westenberg, Michel A.; Klau, Gunnar W.
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
45.59%
Background: Biological networks have a growing importance for the interpretation of high-throughput omics data. Integrative network analysis makes use of statistical and combinatorial methods to extract smaller subnetwork modules, and performs enrichment analysis to annotate the modules with ontology terms or other available knowledge. This process results in an annotated module, which retains the original network structure and includes enrichment information as a set system. A major bottleneck is a lack of tools that allow exploring both network structure of extracted modules and its annotations. Results: Thispaperpresentsavisualanalysisapproachthattargetssmallmoduleswithmanyset-based annotations, and which displays the annotations as contours on top of a node-link diagram. We introduce an extension of self-organizing maps to lay out nodes, links, and contours in a unified way. An implementation of this approach is freely available as the Cytoscape app eXamine. Conclusions: eXamine accurately conveys small and annotated modules consisting of several dozens of proteins and annotations. We demonstrate that eXamine facilitates the interpretation of integrative network analysis results in a guided case study. This study has resulted in a novel biological insight regarding the virally-encoded G-protein coupled receptor US28.; Comment: BioVis 2014 conference

## Generation and analysis of networks with a prescribed degree sequence and subgraph family: Higher-order structure matters

Ritchie, Martin; Berthouze, Luc; Kiss, Istvan Z
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
45.59%
Designing algorithms that generate networks with a given degree sequence while varying both subgraph composition and distribution of subgraphs around nodes is an important but challenging research problem. Current algorithms lack control of key network parameters, the ability to specify to what subgraphs a node belongs to, come at a considerable complexity cost or, critically, sample from a limited ensemble of networks. To enable controlled investigations of the impact and role of subgraphs, especially for epidemics, neuronal activity or complex contagion, it is essential that the generation process be versatile and the generated networks as diverse as possible. In this paper, we present two new network generation algorithms that use subgraphs as building blocks to construct networks preserving a given degree sequence. Additionally, these algorithms provide control over clustering both at node and global level. In both cases, we show that, despite being constrained by a degree sequence and global clustering, generated networks have markedly different topologies as evidenced by both subgraph prevalence and distribution around nodes, and large-scale network structure metrics such as path length and betweenness measures. Simulations of standard epidemic and complex contagion models on those networks reveal that degree distribution and global clustering do not always accurately predict the outcome of dynamical processes taking place on them. We conclude by discussing the benefits and limitations of both methods.; Comment: 30 pages...

## Optimal hierarchical modular topologies for producing limited sustained activation of neural networks

Kaiser, Marcus; Hilgetag, Claus C.
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
45.59%
An essential requirement for the representation of functional patterns in complex neural networks, such as the mammalian cerebral cortex, is the existence of stable regimes of network activation, typically arising from a limited parameter range. In this range of limited sustained activity (LSA), the activity of neural populations in the network persists between the extremes of either quickly dying out or activating the whole network. Hierarchical modular networks were previously found to show a wider parameter range for LSA than random or small-world networks not possessing hierarchical organization or multiple modules. Here we explored how variation in the number of hierarchical levels and modules per level influenced network dynamics and occurrence of LSA. We tested hierarchical configurations of different network sizes, approximating the large-scale networks linking cortical columns in one hemisphere of the rat, cat, or macaque monkey brain. Scaling of the network size affected the number of hierarchical levels and modules in the optimal networks, also depending on whether global edge density or the numbers of connections per node were kept constant. For constant edge density, only few network configurations, possessing an intermediate number of levels and a large number of modules...

## Comparing Poiseuille with 1D Navier-Stokes Flow in Rigid and Distensible Tubes and Networks

Sochi, Taha
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
45.59%
A comparison is made between the Hagen-Poiseuille flow in rigid tubes and networks on one side and the time-independent one-dimensional Navier-Stokes flow in elastic tubes and networks on the other. Analytical relations, a Poiseuille network flow model and two finite element Navier-Stokes one-dimensional flow models have been developed and used in this investigation. The comparison highlights the differences between Poiseuille and one-dimensional Navier-Stokes flow models which may have been unjustifiably treated as equivalent in some studies.; Comment: 26 pages, 6 figures

## Distributed simulation of polychronous and plastic spiking neural networks: strong and weak scaling of a representative mini-application benchmark executed on a small-scale commodity cluster

Paolucci, Pier Stanislao; Ammendola, Roberto; Biagioni, Andrea; Frezza, Ottorino; Cicero, Francesca Lo; Lonardo, Alessandro; Pastorelli, Elena; Simula, Francesco; Tosoratto, Laura; Vicini, Piero
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
45.59%
We introduce a natively distributed mini-application benchmark representative of plastic spiking neural network simulators. It can be used to measure performances of existing computing platforms and to drive the development of future parallel/distributed computing systems dedicated to the simulation of plastic spiking networks. The mini-application is designed to generate spiking behaviors and synaptic connectivity that do not change when the number of hardware processing nodes is varied, simplifying the quantitative study of scalability on commodity and custom architectures. Here, we present the strong and weak scaling and the profiling of the computational/communication components of the DPSNN-STDP benchmark (Distributed Simulation of Polychronous Spiking Neural Network with synaptic Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity). In this first test, we used the benchmark to exercise a small-scale cluster of commodity processors (varying the number of used physical cores from 1 to 128). The cluster was interconnected through a commodity network. Bidimensional grids of columns composed of Izhikevich neurons projected synapses locally and toward first, second and third neighboring columns. The size of the simulated network varied from 6.6 Giga synapses down to 200 K synapses. The code demonstrated to be fast and scalable: 10 wall clock seconds were required to simulate one second of activity and plasticity (per Hertz of average firing rate) of a network composed by 3.2 G synapses running on 128 hardware cores clocked @ 2.4 GHz. The mini-application has been designed to be easily interfaced with standard and custom software and hardware communication interfaces. It has been designed from its foundation to be natively distributed and parallel...

## Dynamics of Boolean Networks

Zou, Yi Ming
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
45.59%
Boolean networks are special types of finite state time-discrete dynamical systems. A Boolean network can be described by a function from an n-dimensional vector space over the field of two elements to itself. A fundamental problem in studying these dynamical systems is to link their long term behaviors to the structures of the functions that define them. In this paper, a method for deriving a Boolean network's dynamical information via its disjunctive normal form is explained. For a given Boolean network, a matrix with entries 0 and 1 is associated with the polynomial function that represents the network, then the information on the fixed points and the limit cycles is derived by analyzing the matrix. The described method provides an algorithm for the determination of the fixed points from the polynomial expression of a Boolean network. The method can also be used to construct Boolean networks with prescribed limit cycles and fixed points. Examples are provided to explain the algorithm.

## Correlated fluctuations in strongly-coupled binary networks beyond equilibrium

Dahmen, David; Bos, Hannah; Helias, Moritz
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
45.59%
Randomly coupled Ising spins constitute the classical model of collective phenomena in disordered systems, with applications covering ferromagnetism, combinatorial optimization, protein folding, stock market dynamics, and social dynamics. The phase diagram of these systems is obtained in the thermodynamic limit by averaging over the quenched randomness of the couplings. However, many applications require the statistics of activity for a single realization of the possibly asymmetric couplings in finite-sized networks. Examples include reconstruction of couplings from the observed dynamics, learning in the central nervous system by correlation-sensitive synaptic plasticity, and representation of probability distributions for sampling-based inference. The systematic cumulant expansion for kinetic binary (Ising) threshold units with strong, random and asymmetric couplings presented here goes beyond mean-field theory and is applicable outside thermodynamic equilibrium; a system of approximate non-linear equations predicts average activities and pairwise covariances in quantitative agreement with full simulations down to hundreds of units. The linearized theory yields an expansion of the correlation- and response functions in collective eigenmodes...

## Spontaneous coordinated activity in cultured networks: Analysis of multiple ignition sites, primary circuits, burst phase delay distributions and functional structures

Ham, Michael I.; Gintautas, Vadas; Gross, Guenter W.
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
45.59%
All higher order central nervous systems exhibit spontaneous neural activity, though the purpose and mechanistic origin of such activity remains poorly understood. We explore the ignition and spread of collective spontaneous electrophysiological burst activity in networks of cultured cortical neurons growing on microelectrode arrays using information theory and first-spike-in-burst analysis methods. We show the presence of burst leader neurons, which form a mono-synaptically connected primary circuit, and initiate a majority of network bursts. Leader/follower firing delay times form temporally stable positively skewed distributions. Blocking inhibitory synapses usually results in shorter delay times with reduced variance. These distributions are generalized characterizations of internal network dynamics and provide estimates of pair-wise synaptic distances. We show that mutual information between neural nodes is a function of distance, which is maintained under disinhibition. The resulting analysis produces specific quantitative constraints and insights into the activation patterns of collective neuronal activity in self-organized cortical networks, which may prove useful for models emulating spontaneously active systems.; Comment: 4 pages...

## Surrogate-assisted analysis of weighted functional brain networks

Ansmann, Gerrit; Lehnertz, Klaus
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
45.59%
Graph-theoretical analyses of complex brain networks is a rapidly evolving field with a strong impact for neuroscientific and related clinical research. Due to a number of confounding variables, however, a reliable and meaningful characterization of particularly functional brain networks is a major challenge. Addressing this problem, we present an analysis approach for weighted networks that makes use of surrogate networks with preserved edge weights or vertex strengths. We first investigate whether characteristics of weighted networks are influenced by trivial properties of the edge weights or vertex strengths (e.g., their standard deviations). If so, these influences are then effectively segregated with an appropriate surrogate normalization of the respective network characteristic. We demonstrate this approach by re-examining, in a time-resolved manner, weighted functional brain networks of epilepsy patients and control subjects derived from simultaneous EEG/MEG recordings during different behavioral states. We show that this surrogate-assisted analysis approach reveals complementary information about these networks, can aid with their interpretation, and thus can prevent deriving inappropriate conclusions.

## Quantitative analysis of a Schaffer collateral model

Schultz, S; Panzeri, S; Rolls, ET; Treves, A
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
45.59%
Advances in techniques for the formal analysis of neural networks have introduced the possibility of detailed quantitative analyses of brain circuitry. This paper applies a method for calculating mutual information to the analysis of the Schaffer collateral connections between regions CA3 and CA1 of the hippocampus. Attention is given to the introduction of further details of anatomy and physiology to the calculation: in particular, the distribution of the number of connections that CA1 neurons receive from CA3, and the graded nature of the firing-rate distribution in region CA3.; Comment: Revised version. 16 pages LaTeX, 5 figs. To be published in Baddeley et al (Eds) Information Theory and the Brain, Cambridge Univ. Press 1998

## Statistics of Dynamic Random Networks: A Depth Function Approach

Fraiman, Daniel; Fraiman, Nicolas; Fraiman, Ricardo
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
45.59%
The study of random graphs and networks had an explosive development in the last couple of decades. Meanwhile, statistical analysis of graph sequences is less developed. In this paper we focus on graphs with a fixed number of labeled nodes and study some statistical problems in a nonparametric framework. We introduce natural notions of center and a depth function for graphs that evolve in time. This allows us to develop several statistical techniques including testing, supervised and unsupervised classification, and a notion of principal component sets in the space of graphs. Some examples and asymptotic results are given, as well as a real data example.; Comment: 20 pages, 6 figures. Real data example added

## Structure and Recognition of 3,4-leaf Powers of Galled Phylogenetic Networks in Polynomial Time

Habib, Michel; To, Thu-Hien
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
45.59%
A graph is a $k$-leaf power of a tree $T$ if its vertices are leaves of $T$ and two vertices are adjacent in $T$ if and only if their distance in $T$ is at most $k$. Then $T$ is a $k$-leaf root of $G$. This notion was introduced by Nishimura, Ragde, and Thilikos [2002] motivated by the search for underlying phylogenetic trees. We study here an extension of the $k$-leaf power graph recognition problem. This extension is motivated by a new biological question for the evaluation of the latteral gene transfer on a population of viruses. We allow the host graph to slightly differs from a tree and allow some cycles. In fact we study phylogenetic galled networks in which cycles are pairwise vertex disjoint. We show some structural results and propose polynomial algorithms for the cases $k=3$ and $k=4$. As a consequence, squares of galled networks can also be recognized in polynomial time.

## Self-sustained asynchronous irregular states and Up/Down states in thalamic, cortical and thalamocortical networks of nonlinear integrate-and-fire neurons

Destexhe, Alain
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
45.59%
Randomly-connected networks of integrate-and-fire (IF) neurons are known to display asynchronous irregular (AI) activity states, which resemble the discharge activity recorded in the cerebral cortex of awake animals. However, it is not clear whether such activity states are specific to simple IF models, or if they also exist in networks where neurons are endowed with complex intrinsic properties similar to electrophysiological measurements. Here, we investigate the occurrence of AI states in networks of nonlinear IF neurons, such as the adaptive exponential IF (Brette-Gerstner-Izhikevich) model. This model can display intrinsic properties such as low-threshold spike (LTS), regular spiking (RS) or fast-spiking (FS). We successively investigate the oscillatory and AI dynamics of thalamic, cortical and thalamocortical networks using such models. AI states can be found in each case, sometimes with surprisingly small network size of the order of a few tens of neurons. We show that the presence of LTS neurons in cortex or in thalamus, explains the robust emergence of AI states for relatively small network sizes. Finally, we investigate the role of spike-frequency adaptation (SFA). In cortical networks with strong SFA in RS cells, the AI state is transient...

## Statistically validated networks in bipartite complex systems

Tumminello, Michele; Miccichè, Salvatore; Lillo, Fabrizio; Piilo, Jyrki; Mantegna, Rosario N.
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
In this paper we study homomorphisms of Probabilistic Regulatory Gene Networks(PRN) introduced in arXiv:math.DS/0603289 v1 13 Mar 2006. The model PRN is a natural generalization of the Probabilistic Boolean Networks (PBN), introduced by I. Shmulevich, E. Dougherty, and W. Zhang in 2001, that has been using to describe genetic networks and has therapeutic applications. In this paper, our main objectives are to apply the concept of homomorphism and $\epsilon$-homomorphism of probabilistic regulatory networks to the dynamic of the networks. The meaning of $\epsilon$ is that these homomorphic networks have similar distributions and the distance between the distributions is upper bounded by $\epsilon$. Additionally, we prove that the class of PRN together with the homomorphisms form a category with products and coproducts. Projections are special homomorphisms, and they always induce invariant subnetworks that contain all the cycles and steady states in the network. Here, it is proved that the $\epsilon$-homomorphism for $0<\epsilon<1$ produce simultaneous Markov Chains in both networks, that permit to introduce the concept of $\epsilon$-isomorphism of Markov Chains, and similar networks.