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## On Fourier series of Jacobi-Sobolev orthogonal polynomials

Marcellán, Francisco; Osilenker, Boris P.; Álvarez Rocha, Ignacio
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica Formato: application/pdf
Let $\mu$ be the Jacobi measure on the interval $[-1,1]$ and introduce the discrete Sobolev-type inner product $$\langle f,g\rangle= \int^1_{-1} f(x) g(x) d\mu(x)+ Mf(c) g(c)+ Nf'(c) g'(c),$$ where $c\in (1,\infty)$ and $M$, $N$ are nonnegative constants such that $M+ N>0$. The main purpose of this paper is to study the behaviour of the Fourier series in terms of the polynomials associated to the Sobolev inner product. For an appropriate function $f$, we prove here that the Fourier-Sobolev series converges to $f$ on the interval $(-1,1)$ as well as to $f(c)$ and the derivative of the series converges to $f'(c)$. The term appropriate means here, in general, the same as we need for a function $f(x)$ in order to have convergence for the series of $f(x)$ associated to the standard inner product given by the measure $\mu$. No additional conditions are needed.; The work of F. Marcellán was supported by a grant of Dirección General de Investigación (Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología) of Spain BFM-2000-0206-C04-01, and INTAS project INTAS 2000-272.; 27 pages, no figures.-- MSC2000 code: 42C05.; MR#: MR1931261 (2003g:42043); Zbl#: Zbl 1016.42014

## Expatriate compesation and its link to subsidiary strategic role : a theoretical analysis

Bonache, Jaime; Fernández, Zulima
Tipo: Trabalho em Andamento Formato: application/pdf
This paper focuses on the strategic design of expatriates' salaries. Unlike standard expatriation literature that assumes a lack of connection between strategy and international managers' compensation, we use the theoretical concepts from the international strategic management research to discuss how different international strategies affect the way expatriates are compensated. In this respect, the paper proposes a series of hypotheses on how expatriate compensation systems take shape according to the role that the expatriates may play in the internationalization process. The hypotheses refer to the type of incentives offered to encourage acceptance of the assignment, the type of criteria used to evaluate their performance, and the reference unit used to establish variable compensation

## On the irreducibility of a competitive economy

Florig, Michael
Tipo: Trabalho em Andamento Formato: application/pdf
In the case of a private ownership economy, we unify McKenzie-Debreu's and Arrow-Hahn's concepts of irreducibility by a generalization of Bergstrom irreducibility to economies with production. This, together with existence of a quasi-equilibrium, will be shown to imply existence of a Walras equilibrium.

## A fixed point theorem without convexity

Ben-El-Mechaiekh, H.; Chebbi, S.; Florenzano, M.; Llinares, J.V.
Tipo: Trabalho em Andamento Formato: application/pdf
The purpose of this paper is to extend Himmelberg's fixed point theorem replacing the usual convexity in topological vector spaces by an abstract topological notion of convexity which generalizes classical convexity as well as several metric convexity structures found in the literature. We prove the existence, under weak hypotheses, of a fixed point for a compact approachable map and we provide sufficient conditions under which this result applies to maps whose values are convex in the abstract sense mentionned above.

## Labor force participation and transitions of older workers in Spain

Alba, Alfonso
Tipo: Trabalho em Andamento Formato: application/pdf
We use data from the Active Population Survey (EP A) to study the labor force participation of older workers in Spain. More specifically, the focus is on labor force transitions of men aged 50-69. We match quarterly EPA files, available for the period 1987-1996, to obtain transitions over one-year intervals. In the parametric analysis of transitions rates we use a multinomial logit model. Similar to U.S. studies, we find a strong spike in labor force exit at age 65, the normal age of retirement. We also find a higher probability of exit from the labor force at the beginning of eligibility for early retirement, age 60 in Spain. In general, the paper's results agree with those obtained in previous studies. In addition, we provide evidence of the effect on transition rates of variables related labor force attachment and job characteristics. For instance, we find that lower job security is associated with a higher probability of leaving the labor force at older ages.

## An inequality decomposition method which minimizes equivalence scales contamination problems

Río, Coral del; Ruiz-Castillo, Javier
Tipo: Trabalho em Andamento Formato: application/pdf
Decomposable measures are a useful tool to analyze the impact of households characteristics on income or expenditure inequality. However, the results are sensitive to the choice of equivalence scales in a heterogenous population. In this paper, we assume that equivalence scales depend only on the number of persons in the household. In this context, we suggest a method to free the decomposition analysis from the possible 'contamination' that will arise if we use an inappropiate equivalence scale. The method is applied to the evolution of the standard of living in Spain during the 80' s. We study the structure of Spanish inequality in 1980-81 and 1990-91, as well as the trend in overall inequality over time in terms of three factors: i) the change in within-group inequality, ii) the change in between-group inequality, and iii) the demographic change across partition subgroups.

## Promoting sales through coupns in oligopoly under imperfect price information

Moraga, José Luis; Petrakis, Emmanuel
Tipo: Trabalho em Andamento Formato: application/pdf
This paper analyzes sales promotions through coupons in an oligopoly under imperfect price infonnation. Firms can send out coupons that either communicate the price (CCPs) or not (CNCPs). By offering rebates or advertising their prices at distant locations, firms can attract consumers from their rivals' markets. A unique symmetric pure strategy equilibrium is shown to exist where sellers do send out coupons that offer positive rebates. Thus, contrary to the literature, sales promotions are pennanent. In the equilibrium with CNCPs, prices, advertising efforts and finns' profits are higher than in the equilibrium with CCPs. However, the equilibrium with CNCPs is not robust if we allow firms to choose the type of coupons as well. In contrast, the equilibrium with CCPs is always robust.

## Quality uncetainty and informative advertising

Moraga González, José Luis
Tipo: Trabalho em Andamento Formato: application/pdf
We consider a single period model where a monopolist introduces a product of uncertain quality. Before pricing and informative advertising decisions take place, the producer observes the true quality of the good while consumers receive an independent signal which is correlated with the true quality of the product. We show that if advertising occurs in equilibrium, there must exist some pooling. We then characterize the constellations of parameters for which advertising occurs in equilibrium: For an advertising full pooling equilibrium to exist, (a) the consumers' valuation for the high quality must be high enough, (b) the informativeness of the market signal must be sufficiently low, (c) the costs of advertising must be high enough and (d) the consumers' priori probability of high quality must be sufficiently high. Existence of an advertising semi-separating equilibrium also requires the three first conditions but, in contrast, the consumers' a priori probability of high quality cannot be too large. When advertising occurs in equilibrium, the adverse selection problem is mitigated. Moreover, the lower are advertising costs, the more intense is the alleviation of that problem.

## Leaving the prison: A discussion of the Iterated prisoner`s dilemma under preferential partner selection

Hauk, Esther
Tipo: Trabalho em Andamento Formato: application/pdf
Outside prison agents do not only ehoose a game strategy but also a game partner. In this paper players are finite automata and willing to interaet only if their expected payoff exeeeds an endogenously evolving aeeeptable minimum. In the resulting behavioural strueture the initial population is subdivided aeeording to players' degree of exploitiveness. If the number of eooperators is at least two, eooperators will be better off than defeetors. If more sueeessful automata reproduce, simulations show that due to partner seleetion eooperative behaviour is irnmune to invading mutants even if the life-span of generations is short.

## Discriminating to learn to discriminate

Hauk, Esther
Tipo: Trabalho em Andamento Formato: application/pdf
Experiments in which subjects play simultaneously several finite prisoner's dilemma supergames reveal that many hypotheses used in the literature to explain cooperation are wrong. In particular the existence of player types is rejected as well as over-simplified behavioural postulates which allow for the existence of agents who make consistent errors. Experimental subjects turn out to permanently search for a better strategy. It is further suggested that the freedom to choose whether or not to play the prisoner's dilemma might be a key element in explaining observed cooperation levels in real data

## Demographic trends and living standards the case of Spain during the 1980´s

Río, Coral del; Ruiz-Castillo, Javier
Tipo: Trabalho em Andamento Formato: application/pdf
In this paper we study the evolution of the standard of living un Spain during the 1980' s for a population partitioned by the following individual characteristics: the age group, the 'relation to economic activity, and the result of the decision on whether to live in a household headed by someone else, or to live on one ' s own with or without dependents. Our results help to understand the decline ot inequality in Spain, wich has been formerly investigated only in terms of the household head' s characteristics. On the other hand, within the limits of our cross-section data, we provide sorne evidence on the economic rationale behind the individual decisions about early retirement, household formation, and the female participation in the labor market.

## Sobolev-type orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle

Marcellán, Francisco; Moral, Leandro
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica Formato: application/pdf
This paper deals with polynomials orthogonal with respect to a Sobolev-type inner product $$\langle f,g\rangle =\int_{-\pi}^\pi f(e^{i\theta}) \overline{g(e^{i\theta})} d\mu(e^{i\theta})\, + \, \bold{f}(c)A (\bold{g}(c))^H.$$ where μ is a positive Borel measure supported on [−π,π), A is a nonsingular matrix and 1. We denote f(c)=(f(c),f'(c),\dots,f^{(p)}(c)) and v^H the transposed conjugate of the vector v. We establish the connection of such polynomials with orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle with respect to the measure [see attached full-text file]. Finally, we deduce the relative asymptotics for both families of orthogonal polynomials.; The work of the first author (F. Marcellán) was partially supported by D.G.E.S. of Spain under grant PB96-0120-C03-01. The work of the second author (L. Moral) was partially supported by P.A.I. 1997 (Universidad de Zaragoza) CIE-10.; 35 pages, no figures.-- MSC2000 codes: 42C05.; MR#: MR1891026 (2003e:42037); Zbl#: Zbl 1033.42025

## Wright tariffs in the spanish electricity industry: The case of residential consumption

Castro Rodríguez, Fidel
Tipo: Trabalho em Andamento Formato: application/pdf
This paper develops a capacity price model for the Spanish electricity industry and presents utilization level tariffs as an example of duration tariffs (Wright tariffs) when duration is aproximated by the ratio of consumption to power used. With this model and with the data on residential consumption of electricity several optimal t\\'o part tariffs for the residential level of utilization considering several hypothesis on the configuration of the generating equipment are computed. This allows for the estimation of the degree of optimality of the current tariff and to obtain an aproximation of efficiency losses caused by the existing regulatory regime.

## Staying-on at school at sixteen: the impact of labor market conditions in Spain

Petrongolo, Barbara; San Segundo, María Jesús
Tipo: Trabalho em Andamento Formato: application/pdf
Despite the recent increase in educational investment, Spain still ranks towards the bottom of the OECD country list for the level of its human capital stock and the new inflow of high school graduates. We address this issue by empirically investigating the impact of family characteristics and local labor market conditions on the demand for secondary education beyond the age of 16. Our results show that the record levels of Spanish youth unemployment, that should discourage an early entry into the labor market, do not seem to have enhanced substantially the probability of staying on at school at 16. It seems instead that parents' education is the main determinant of enrollment rates in Spain. This sort of inter-generational dependence clearly implies a strong persistence in the Spanish stock of human capital, and a slow convergence towards OECD standards.

## On the q-polynomials: a distributional study

Medem, Juan Carlos; Álvarez Nodarse, Renato; Marcellán, Francisco
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica Formato: application/pdf
In this paper we present a unified distributional study of the classical discrete q-polynomials (in the Hahn's sense). From the distributional q-Pearson equation we will deduce many of their properties such as the three-term recurrence relations, structure relations, etc. Also several characterizations of such q-polynomials are presented.; This work has been partially supported by the European project INTAS-93-219-ext and by the Spanish Dirección General de Enseñanza Superior (DGES) under grant PB-96-0120-C03-01.; 40 pages, no figures.-- MSC2000 codes: 33D15, 33D45, 33D90.; MR#: MR1850540 (2003f:33027); Zbl#: Zbl 0991.33007

## Enviromental standards and costly monitoring

Arguedas, Carmen
Tipo: Trabalho em Andamento Formato: application/pdf
In this paper, we investigate the features of an optimal regulatory policy composed of pollution standards and probabilities of inspection to verify firms' behavior, where fines for noncompliance depend on the degree of violation. We find that the optimal policy can entail either compliance or noncompliance with the enviromental standards, the latter being more plausible when monitoring costs are high and, surprisingly, when fines for noncompliance are also high. In the event the planner has perfect information about the firns, we find that, whe the optimal policy entails noncompliance, the optimal standard is always equal to zero, suggesting the superiority of probabilistic environmental taxes versus positive standards. However this is no longer true when the planner has incomplete information about the regulated agents.

## An econometric analysis of tourism in Spain: implications for the sectoral study of exports and some economic policy considerations

Espasa, Antoni; Gómez-Churraca, Rosa; Morales, Eduardo
Tipo: Trabalho em Andamento Formato: application/pdf
This paper deals with the construction of econometric models to explain the external demand for Spanish tourist services. The models include as explanatory economic variables a tourist income index and two real exchange rate indices, one with respect to client countries and the other with respect to competitor countries. The results obtained : a) support the hypothesis that the decision to expend on tourism is made in two stages with different price and income elasticities in each of them; b) show that the recent drop in demand is due to a -real exchange rate effect. With the models constructed it is possible to evaluate to what extent the drop in demand is due purely to the effect of prices and to 'what extent it is determined by exchange rate movements. The latter have had an important effect, so that a policy of appreciating the peseta indeed has different sectoral effects. This different sectoral effect, as well as the importance of distinguishing between client countries and competitors, suggest that economic policy must not be based on just one index of the effective exchange rate of the peseta but on several.

## Robust Bayesian inference in Iq-Spherical models

Osiewalski, Jacek; Steel, Mark F.J.
Tipo: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper; info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper Formato: application/pdf
The class of multivariate lq-spherical distributions is introduced and defined through their isodensity surfaces. We prove that, under a Jeffreys' type improper prior on the scale parameter, posterior inference on the location parameters is the same for all lq-spherical sampling models with common q. This gives us perfect inference robustness with respect to any departures from the reference case of independent sampling from the exponential power distribution.

## On the estimation of the influence curve

Cuevas, Antonio; Romo, Juan