Este estudo examina as estipulações voltadas à instituição de meios multiportas de solução de controvérsias, mecanismo responsável por materializar a vontade da partes em solucionar os seus conflitos via métodos alternativos ou adequados de solução de controvérsias, tendo relevante papel na materialização do escopo social do processo. Há uma clara dicotomia entre os denominados métodos de solução de controvérsias consensuais, nos quais a própria participação das partes levará à solução e à conformação do litígio e, de outro lado, os métodos adjudicatórios de solução de controvérsias, no qual haverá um terceiro imparcial escolhido pelas partes ou de acordo com mecanismos por elas estabelecido e que será responsável pela solução da controvérsia. Existem ainda métodos combinados ou mistos, em que são aglutinados elementos dos métodos denominados primários, quais sejam negociação, conciliação, mediação e arbitragem. Clara a diferença entre essas categorias de métodos de solução de controvérsias, deve-se analisar, ainda, se há alguma diferença no tocante à vinculação das partes a cada uma das mencionadas categorias de solução de controvérsias e, com grande importância, de que modo métodos consensuais podem interferir no surgimento e desenvolvimento de métodos adjudicatórios. Em relação à vinculação dos métodos de solução de controvérsias adjudicatórios...

Figura-chave da chamada Escola de Isfahn, Mull adr (979 H. / 1571-2 d.C ) ocupou papel de destaque durante a renascença safávida do reinado de Abbs I (d. 1039/1629). Acredita-se ter sido ele o principal responsável por revitalizar a filosofia da iluminação de Shrawardi naquele contexto, além de consolidar a junção entre sufismo e neoplatonismo. Foi responsável, ainda, pela elaboração de metodologia própria para a compreensão da realidade, tendo por base fontes filosóficas, teológicas e místicas, além de mesclar raciocínio lógico, inspiração espiritual e meditação profunda. adr aplicou tal metodologia às principais obras da tradição xiita duodécima. Do ponto de vista filosófico, adr percebe o conceito aristotélico de substância como processo, em constante mudança; nesse aspecto, o filósofo aproxima-se da leitura de traço neoplatônico, já presente em al- Frb e Ibn Sn. O modo como adr relaciona as noções de essência e existência deu novas feições à discussão metafísica de tradição árabe-islâmica. Em sua doutrina, adr acaba por transformar a metafísica construída a partir da primazia das substâncias, como elemento primordial da existência, em outra, fundada e movida por atos de existência. Apesar de perpassar esses e outros temas...

TCC (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro Sócio-Econômico. Economia.; Este estudo analisou o comportamento das ações, negociadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (BOVESPA), pertencentes a empresas que lançaram ADR (American Depositary Receipts) no mercado de ações norte americano, durante o período de janeiro de 1993 até dezembro de 2002. Para isso foi determinado um critério de separação que consistiu na formação de duas carteiras, determinadas pelo tipo de ADR. Uma carteira foi formada pelos ADR de nível II e III (para emitir um desses títulos a empresa necessita se adequar aos padrões de contabilidade americana). Esses dois tipos possuem a vantagem de serem listados em bolsa. Compondo a outra carteira os ADR mais simples que não são listados na bolsa, mas em balcão, como são os ADR de nível I e os que participam de leilões privados caso da Regra 144A e Regulamento S. Feito isso, as duas carteiras foram analisadas através de um estudo de evento de 65 dias antes e 65 dias após a data de autorização da emissão do ADR pela CVM. Foram calculados os retornos nominais, anormais e acumulados e a partir desses retornos que foram agrupados em carteiras, foram estimados os testes estatísticos para os retornos anormais...

Este trabalho examina a formação dos preços de papéis brasileiros negociados na New York Stock Exchange [NYSE] através de American Depositary Receipts [ADRs]. Verificou-se se os preços dos pares ação-ADR possuem tendência comum de longo prazo, isto é, se suas séries cointegram e, além disso, quantificou-se a contribuição de cada ativo (ADR e ação) na formação do preço de longo prazo através da razão de ajustamento proposta por Eun e Sabherwal (2003). Complementando o trabalho de Sanvicente (1998), que analisou a integração entre os índices Ibovespa e Dow Jones, este trabalho examina a hipótese de integração, utilizando dados desagregados, com uma amostra de 32 papéis, que perfaziam conjuntamente mais de 67% do volume da bolsa brasileira, e seus respectivos ADRs, no período de fevereiro de 1999 a junho de 2006. Os resultados apontam que em apenas 15 pares há uma tendência de longo prazo comum entre a ação e sua ADR; em apenas 2 pares os parâmetros do modelo de correção de erros (VECM) são estatisticamente significantes, indicando que para somente 6,25% da amostra os ajustes necessários para a manutenção de um equilíbrio de longo prazo ocorrem em ambos os mercados.

O artigo examina as diferenças, em termos de qualidade informacional (conservadorismo condicional), das demonstrações contábeis de companhias brasileiras de capital aberto emissoras e não emissoras de ADR. Também são examinadas as demonstrações publicadas nos dois sistemas contábeis (PCAB e USGAAP). As hipóteses propõem que não há diferenças nos graus de conservadorismo condicional entre as firmas em razão das similaridades contratuais e institucionais, da inexistência de incentivos para alterar o comportamento dos gestores pelo processo de cross-listing e da insuficiência de motivação pela aplicação de princípios contábeis diversos. Os modelos de componentes transitórios nos lucros (BASU, 1997) e de associação entre apropriações contábeis e fluxos de caixa (BALL; SHIVAKUMAR, 2005) foram utilizados para os testes. Para estimar os coeficientes de associação dos dois modelos, utilizou-se análise de dados em painel. Os resultados confirmaram as hipóteses.

Despite comprehensive and stringent phases of clinical trials and surveillance efforts, unexpected and serious adverse drug reactions (ADRs) repeatedly occur after the drug is marketed. ADR reporting is an important aspect of an efficient and effective pharmacovigilance program. Although Medwatch, Yellow Card, CDSCO form, etc. are the protocol forms of ADR collection and reports, a number of countries design and use their respective ADR forms. This review compares similarities and dissimilarities of 13 ADR forms of countries representing their geographical location. This study extracted 73 data elements mentioned in 13 different ADR forms. Only 13 elements were common. An ADR form of Malaysia and Canada covers the highest number of data 43, while Brazil falls to the opposite end with a number of 17 data elements in lieu with the Generic ADR Form. The result of this review highlights 58 data elements of the proposed generic ADR form which ensures that requisite reporting information essential for correct causality assessment of ADRs are included. The proposed “Generic ADR form” could be adopted worldwide mandatorily for reporting any/all ADRs associated with marketed drugs.

Pinelliapedatisecta agglutinin (PPA) has previously been used in labeling fractions of myeloid leukemia cells in our laboratory. We report here that a bacterial expressed recombinant PPA domain b tagged with soluble coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (sCAR-PPAb) preferentially recognized drug resistant cancer cells K562/ADR and H460/5Fu, as compared to their parental cell lines. Pretreatment of K562/ADR cells with sCAR-PPAb significantly enhanced phagocytosis of K562/ADR by macrophages in vivo. Meanwhile, in a K562/ADR xenograft model, intratumoral injection of sCAR-PPAb induced macrophage infiltration and phagocytosis. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry and Western blot identified the membrane target of PPA on K562/ADR as sarcolemmal membrane associated protein (SLMAP). An antibody against SLMAP significantly promoted the phagocytosis of K562/ADR by macrophages in vitro. These findings suggest that PPA not only could be developed into a novel agent that can detect drug resistant cancer cells and predict chemotherapy outcome, but also it has potential value in immunotherapy against drug resistant cancer cells through inducing the tumoricidal activity of macrophages.

Inadequate adenosine-to-inosine editing of noncoding regions occurs in disease, often uncorrelated with ADAR levels, underscoring the need to study deaminase-independent control of editing. C. elegans have two ADAR proteins, ADR-2 and the theoretically catalytically inactive ADR-1. Using high-throughput RNA sequencing of wild-type and adr mutant worms, we expanded the repertoire of C. elegans edited transcripts over 5-fold and confirmed that ADR-2 is the only active deaminase in vivo. Despite lacking deaminase function, ADR-1 affects editing of over 60 adenosines within the 3′ UTRs of 16 different mRNAs. Furthermore, ADR-1 interacts directly with ADR-2 substrates, even in the absence of ADR-2; and mutations within its dsRNA binding domains abolished both binding and editing regulation. We conclude that ADR-1 acts as a major regulator of editing by binding ADR-2 substrates in vivo and raises the possibility that other dsRNA binding proteins, including the inactive human ADARs, regulate RNA editing by deaminase-independent mechanisms.

Leukemia is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in children worldwide, and multidrug-resistance (MDR) is a main reason for tumor chemotherapy failure. The present study investigated the effects of ADR following incubation with cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells on reversing MDR in K562/ADR cells. Mononuclear cells were isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy individuals and cultured in vitro in the presence of a combination of cytokines to generate CIK for K562/ADR cell treatment. A decreased level of P-glycoprotein expression and glutathione (GSH), an increased intracellular Rh-123 content, decreased mRNA and protein expression levels of MDR gene 1, MDR-associated protein 1, GSH S-transferase-π, B-cell lymphoma 2 and Survivin, and the decreased phosphorylation of AKT and the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-κB and activator protein 1 were detected following ADR treatment in CIK co-cultured K562/ADR cells. Additionally, the level of ADR sensitivity and the apoptosis rate were increased in the CIK co-cultured K562/ADR cells. These results indicate that pre-treatment with CIK could reverse the MDR of K562/ADR cells, and that patients would be most likely to benefit from the combination of chemotherapy and CIK therapy.

The objective of this technical note is to evaluate the existing legal, regulatory and institutional framework of financial Alternative dispute resolution body, for example an ombudsman (ADR) mechanisms in Bulgaria, and to present the authorities with options for reform and improvement. There is a need to further strengthen and reform the existing financial ADR framework in Bulgaria. Fortifying the design and structure of financial ADR mechanisms is an important step to increase currently low levels of consumer trust in financial services. In addition, the implementation of the recently approved European Union (EU) Directive on ADR will require a significant amount of restructuring and reorganization of the existing ADR mechanisms in Bulgaria in order to be compliant with the new required standards. An ADR will not be a success unless consumers can be confident that financial services providers will take part and will follow decisions in favor of the consumer. Bearing in mind the Bulgarian context and the limitations imposed by the Bulgarian constitution...

This paper analyses the application of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms to disputes arising between telecommunications undertakings under the EU Telecommunications Package, as revised on November 4, 2009. The new rules aimed at facilitating the development of the EU common telecommunications market, and were designed to increase the powers of national regulatory authorities (NRAs) across the Member States in the imposition of regulatory obligations in a coherent manner. One key reform concerned the centralisation of the dispute resolution functions of NRAs. Within the new dispute resolution prerogatives, NRAs were empowered with a right to determine their appropriateness for handling regulatory disputes between telecommunications undertakings or to decline their jurisdiction should other ADR means be available and more suitable for the resolution of regulatory disputes. This paper examines the mere development of ADR in telecommunications disputes in the UK, Ireland and Poland following the revision of the EU Telecommunications Package. Moreover, the paper analyses the effectiveness of the recent European Union (EU) policy on promoting ADR within the EU legal order against the background of the fragmented national approaches to ADR...

The objective of this research is to assess the extent to which defense contractors employ the use of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in their contract dispute settlement processes. A questionnaire was utilized to gather information from thirty defense contractors. The thesis provides a legislative background for ADR, and briefly discusses various techniques of the ADR process. Additionally, data collected from industry are presented and discussed. The study identified mediation and negotiation as the technique favored by commercial companies. Furthermore, this study concludes that Government agencies do not reap the benefits of ADR to the extent that commercial companies do. The use of ADR has taken hold, and its use is likely to increase. However, barriers exist that serve to limit its use by Government agencies. These barriers include education about various ADR techniques and the perception by the defense industry that Government a agencies are unwilling to enter into ADR.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.; While arbitration and mediation have gained almost universal acceptance for settling commercial contract disputes, resolution of contract disputes in the Federal Government has continued to be slow, time consuming, and expensive. The participants in these processes have turned toward a new approach that offers an expedient, inexpensive, and less adversarial method for settling these disputes known as Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). This thesis provides information on various methods of ADR, detailing advantages, disadvantages, and characteristics for case suitability. The research found, through the interviews conducted and the literature reviewed, that there are general misconceptions and impediments to the implementation of ADR. There was a general lack of knowledge of the different methods of ADR available. Many of the personnel interviewed did not know of their full authority to use ADR as provided by the Administrative Dispute Resolution Act. One major obstacle that was found in evaluating ADR is that there is an absence of reliable data to support the claims of ADR. Personnel interviewed in the Federal Government indicated that there is a lack of incentives for the Government to use ADR. One reason for this was due to the use of the 'continued performance clause.; Captian...

Approved for public release, distribution unlimited; MBA Professional Report; This project examines bid protest prevention and resolution strategies to shed light on ways to save the government money and time. Successful resolutions of protests depends on a number of factors, including government and private sector protest management and litigation strategies; Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR) policies of federal agencies; legal and regulatory requirements; and remedies available to contractors. Our research identifies and analyzes best ADR practices and other remedies and preventions for resolving bid protests. Areas examined include processes and remedies utilized by selected federal agencies and obstacles to fomenting improved cooperation between industry and government, which may preclude win-win resolutions to bid protests. Insights regarding the validity of our entering hypotheses about ADR are obtained from a survey of acquisition and legal professionals regarding their perceptions, opinions, and recommendations on bid protest practices and the use of ADR procedures. Our objectives are to identify ADR and other process improvement recommendations that are crucial to effective contracting and support the government's efforts to improve adjudicative forums for resolution of contract disputes and bid protests. Our research suggests that agencies can mitigate protest expenses and interruptions by managing the protest process in a systematic...

For a foreign "issuer," the benefits of cross-listing in the United States are extensively documented in the literature. However it is not clear what motivates "investors" to hold American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) rather than the underlying stock of these issuers. The authors address the investors' choice to purchase local shares versus investing in ADRs. Specifically, they analyze the investment allocation decision of mutual fund managers to invest in emerging market firms that are listed in their domestic markets and have also issued ADRs in the United States. Although legal provisions (governance/investor protection) are typically assumed to affect ADRs and their underlying domestic shares equally, investors holding ADRs may have a higher level of legal protection as these securities are issued and traded in the United States. The authors' results are consistent with this "better legal protection" hypothesis as they find that funds prefer to hold ADRs rather than the underlying shares if the issuer is from a country with weak investor protection laws. Also, theoretical models of multiple trading exchanges predict that trading should tend to aggregate in the market with the lowest transaction costs. Similarly, the relative liquidity of an ADR compared to that of its underlying stock should also affect the funds' relative holding of the ADR versus the underlying stock. Consistent with this "ease of transaction" hypothesis the authors find that if an issuer is based in a country with a relatively small stock market...

O artigo examina as diferenças, em termos de qualidade informacional (conservadorismo condicional), das demonstrações contábeis de companhias brasileiras de capital aberto emissoras e não emissoras de ADR. Também são examinadas as demonstrações publicadas nos dois sistemas contábeis (PCAB e USGAAP). As hipóteses propõem que não há diferenças nos graus de conservadorismo condicional entre as firmas em razão das similaridades contratuais e institucionais, da inexistência de incentivos para alterar o comportamento dos gestores pelo processo de cross-listing e da insuficiência de motivação pela aplicação de princípios contábeis diversos. Os modelos de componentes transitórios nos lucros (BASU, 1997) e de associação entre apropriações contábeis e fluxos de caixa (BALL; SHIVAKUMAR, 2005) foram utilizados para os testes. Para estimar os coeficientes de associação dos dois modelos, utilizou-se análise de dados em painel. Os resultados confirmaram as hipóteses.; The article examines the differences, in terms of information quality (conditional conservatism), of the accounting reports of Brazilian public companies issuing and not issuing ADR. It is also examined the demonstrations published in the two accounting systems (BRGAAP and USGAAP). The hypotheses consider that there are no differences in the degrees of conditional conservatism among the firms due to: contractual and institutional similarities...

Numa sociedade cada vez mais e mais virada para a Internet e para a procura de informação e soluções para todo e qualquer tipo de problema de forma instantânea, imediata ou mesmo urgente, a resolução de conflitos na sua forma mais comum, ou seja, no recurso judicial aos tribunais, parece começar a ser demasiado demorada e ineficaz. Neste sentido, as pessoas procuram, de uma maneira cada vez mais recorrente, alternativas para solucionar estes conflitos, de forma mais célere, sem que no entanto a avaliação da solução encontrada perca qualidade. Surgem, então, sistemas de resolução alternativa de conflitos (Alternative Dispute Resolution – ADR), ou ainda no ambiente Web (Online Dispute Resolution – ODR). As técnicas de ADR com maior destaque são a negociação, a arbitragem e a mediação. Em qualquer dos casos, facilmente podemos associar a sua eficiência e eficácia à utilização da argumentação no processo, satisfazendo as exigências dos implicados no conflito, já que é dada voz às suas perspectivas sobre o mesmo. Argumentar permite expor factos e justificações de suporte ou oposição relativamente ao conflito, enriquecendo a solução e tornando mais claro o entendimento da mesma. Neste trabalho será abordado o tema dos ADR...

Adriamycin (ADR) treatment causes an imbalance in the levels of nitric oxide (•NO) and superoxide (O2•−) production leading to cardiac injury. Previously we demonstrated that mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) have increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial injury. The molecular events leading to increased mitochondrial injury in iNOS deficient mice is unknown. ADR in the absence of iNOS preferentially activates a proapoptotic pathway without a concurrent increase in prosurvival pathways. Treatment with ADR leads to an increase in DNA binding activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and p53 in wildtype mice. Following ADR treatment, p53, but not NFκB DNA binding activity, as well as the level of Bax, a p53 target gene, was increased in iNOS (−/−) mice. This apoptotic signaling effect in iNOS (−/−) is alleviated by overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Increases in NFκB and p53 in ADR-treated wildtype mice did not lead to increases in target genes such as MnSOD, bcl-xL, or Bax. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that p65, a prominent member of the NFκB family, interacts with p53 in the nucleus. These results suggest that NFκB and p53 may counter act one another's actions in ADR-treated wildtype (WT) mice. Further...

Este trabalho objetiva analisar o impacto da Lei Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) na qualidade do lucro das empresas brasileiras que emitiram ADR antes de 2002. Os escândalos contábeis de companhias como Enron e WorldCom reduziram a confiança dos investidores sobre a veracidade das demonstrações financeiras. A SOX surgiu com o propósito de proteger os investidores pela melhora na precisão e na confiabilidade na divulgação das demonstrações das empresas. Para medir a qualidade dos lucros, foram utilizados o Modelo de Basu (1997) e os modelos apresentados em Ball e Shivakumar (2005), estimados com dados em painel. Esperava-se que o aumento da regulamentação implicasse em maior grau de qualidade dos lucros nas empresas no período pós-SOX. Os resultados encontrados não são significativos nos modelos de Reversão à média das variações dos lucros e Cash Flow de Ball e Shivakumar (2005), mas os resultados do Modelo de Basu (1997) sugerem indício de aumento do conservadorismo contábil após a SOX, nas empresas brasileiras que emitiram ADR antes de 2002. Contudo, esse aumento do conservadorismo pelo Modelo de Basu (1997) também foi observado para todas as empresas brasileiras. Portanto, os resultados aqui apresentados sugerem indícios de aumento do conservadorismo brasileiro a partir de 2002...

In this article we sought to verify whether the improvement in corporate governance practices in Brazil has already had an impact on the value of corporations, measured by the Tobin's Q. The investigation examined a non-probabilistic sample of public corporations, whose shares have liquidity and volatility different from zero. The research adopted the multiple linear regression method, which was applied to a secondary data base, thus enabling us to define the variables tested in our model. The data in question were taken from corporations' financial statements, obtained from the Economatica data base. We also used dummy variables for American Depositary Receipts (ADR) programs, ADR levels 2 and 3 (ADR23), corporations listed in the Bovespa's Differentiated Levels of Corporate Governance (henceforth referred to as DLCG) and the New Market (NM), in order to represent the different levels of corporate governance achieved. The research obtained highly significant statistical results for dummy variables ADR and NM in relation to Tobin's Q, suggesting that the improvement in corporate governance practices has already had an impact on the value of public corporations whose shares have significant levels of liquidity and price volatility.; En este artículo intentamos verificar si la mejora en prácticas del gobierno corporativo en Brasil ha tenido ya un impacto en el valor de corporaciones...