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- Biblioteca Digitais de Teses e Dissertações da USP
- World Bank, Washington, DC
- World Bank, Washington, D.C.
- World Bank Group, Washington, DC
- Universidade de Adelaide
- Universidade Rice
- Washington, DC
- Washington, DC: World Bank
- Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities Center and the World Bank, Washington, DC
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
- Journal of Air and Waste Management Association
- Elsevier
- Academic Press
- Australasian Medical Association
- Air and Waste Management Association
- Mais Publicadores...
Variações na composição qualitativa e quantitativa de carboidratos solúveis em plantas de Lolium multiflorum ssp. italicum var. Lema sob a influência de poluentes aéreos na cidade de São Paulo, SP; Qualitative and quantitative variations in the composition of soluble carbohydrates in plants of Lolium multiflorum ssp. italicum var. Lema exposed to urban air pollution
Fonte: Biblioteca Digitais de Teses e Dissertações da USP
Publicador: Biblioteca Digitais de Teses e Dissertações da USP
Tipo: Tese de Doutorado
Formato: application/pdf
Publicado em 24/08/2007
Português
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#Lolium multiflorum#Lolium multiflorum#Air pollution#Carboidratos solúveis#Poluição aérea#Soluble carbohydrates
O crescimento das atividades urbano-industriais tem provocado um significativo aumento nas emissões de poluentes aéreos para a atmosfera. A poluição do ar, um dos principais fatores determinantes da destruição do meio ambiente, causa estresse às plantas, já que apresenta compostos altamente reativos e danosos, como os metais pesados. O uso de plantas bioindicadoras de poluição aérea é uma prática comum para o monitoramento da qualidade do ar e para o diagnóstico dos efeitos da poluição aérea na vegetação. Entre as plantas bioindicadoras mais utilizadas, destaca-se a gramínea C3 de clima temperado Lolium multiflorum ssp. italicum Beck var. Lema, que acumula metais pesados, fluoretos e enxofre quando se desenvolve na presença desses elementos químicos no ar. Além disso, esta espécie acumula frutano, um carboidrato solúvel cuja produção pode ser alterada por um número variado de perturbações ambientais. O presente trabalho foi dividido em três experimentos com os objetivos de (1) verificar a partição de carboidratos solúveis em cinco partes distintas (lâmina em alongamento, lâmina expandida, porção superior do estolho, porção inferior do estolho e raízes) de plantas de L. multiflorum; (2) analisar as relações sazonais e diurnas entre concentrações de poluentes aéreos urbanos...
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Efeitos da exposição crônica à poluição atmosférica particulada sobre o desenvolvimento embrionário pré-implantacional in vitro em camundongos; Effects of chronic exposure to particulate air pollution on in vitro preimplantation embryo development in mice
Fonte: Biblioteca Digitais de Teses e Dissertações da USP
Publicador: Biblioteca Digitais de Teses e Dissertações da USP
Tipo: Tese de Doutorado
Formato: application/pdf
Publicado em 25/07/2008
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
66.6%
#Air pollution#Blastocisto#Blastocyst#Blastocyst inner cell mass#Camundongos#Coloração e rotulagem#Desenvolvimento embrionário#Embryonic development#Fertilização in vitro#Fertilization in vitro#Massa celular interna do blastocisto
Um Projeto Temático de Pesquisa foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Poluição Ambiental do Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da exposição aguda/crônica ao ar ambiente de um grande centro urbano sobre a saúde. Dentro deste projeto, uma linha de pesquisa foi dedicada ao estudo dos efeitos dessa exposição sobre a saúde reprodutiva feminina. Evidências de estudos epidemiológicos e experimentais implicam os fatores ambientais na infertilidade humana e resultado obstétrico adverso. Contudo, poucos estudos foram conduzidos até o presente para avaliar um possível efeito da exposição à poluição ambiental particulada sobre a saúde reprodutiva feminina. Portanto, o objetivo dos projetos da minha linha de pesquisa é fornecer dados que possam demonstrar os possíveis efeitos da exposição crônica à poluição ambiental particulada sobre a função ovariana e o desenvolvimento embrionário inicial. O objetivo do primeiro projeto desta tese foi avaliar diferentes metodologias utilizadas para a coloração diferencial das linhagens celulares do blastocisto, um método mais adequado para a avaliação de sua qualidade e normalidade. As células de blastocistos intactos de camundongo obtidos através de fertilização in vitro (FIV) foram permeabilizadas e coradas utilizando-se diferentes concentrações de um detergente (TX-100; 0...
Link permanente para citações:
Indoor Air Pollution
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
66.63%
#SOLID FUELS#ACUTE EXPOSURE#ADVOCACY EFFORTS#AFFORDABLE ENERGY#AIR POLLUTANTS#AIR POLLUTION#AMBIENT AIR#AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION#AMBIENT AIR QUALITY#BIOMASS#BIOMASS ENERGY
Outdoor air pollution in
developing-country cities is difficult to overlook. Indoor
air pollution caused by burning such traditional fuels as
wood, crop residues, and dung is less evident, yet it is
responsible for a significant part of country and global
disease burdens. The main groups affected are poor women and
children in rural areas and urban slums as they go about
their daily activities. This note reviews the evidence on
health effects from indoor air pollution in developing
countries, looking in detail at India. It outlines possible
solutions and concludes that the only feasible long-term
remedy is improved access to cleaner modern energy.
Link permanente para citações:
Urban Transport Dysfunction and Air Pollution in Dakar : Study Conclusions
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
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#ACCIDENT#ACCIDENT STATISTICS#ACCIDENTS#AIR#AIR POLLUTION#AIR QUALITY#BUS#CEMENT#CONGESTION#ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT#EMISSIONS
This Note presents the main conclusions
of an on-site study of urban transport dysfunction and air
pollution in the Dakar agglomeration carried out from August
to November 1998. The study aims to define the main causes
of transport dysfunction, quantify them, and recommend a
suitable framework for monitoring changes in the parameters.
This forms part of the sub-Saharan African air quality
initiative that was launched jointly in 1998 by the Urban
Transport Component of the sub-Saharan African Transport
Policy Program (SSATP) and the World Bank Institute. The
kinds of dysfunction the study found in Dakar agglomeration
include: road safety problems, congestion, air pollution,
and noise pollution. This Note recommends that air pollution
caused by urban transport can be reduced through measures in
a number of areas: institutional, technical, or organizational.
Link permanente para citações:
Improving Air Quality in Metropolitan Mexico City : An Economic Valuation
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
66.72%
#ABATEMENT COSTS#AIR#AIR POLLUTANTS#AIR POLLUTION#AIR POLLUTION CONTROL#AIR POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGIES#AIR POLLUTION IMPACTS#AIR POLLUTION REDUCTION#AIR QUALITY#AIR QUALITY DATA#AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Mexico City has for years experienced
high levels of ozone and particulate air pollution. In
1995-99 the entire population of the Mexico City
metropolitan area was exposed to annual average
concentrations of fine particulate pollution (particulates
with a diameter of less than 10 micrometers, or PM10)
exceeding 50 micrograms per cubic meter, the annual average
standard in both Mexico and the United States. Two million
people were exposed to annual average PM10 levels of more
than 75 micrograms per cubic meter. The daily maximum
one-hour ozone standard was exceeded at least 300 days a
year. The Mexico Air Quality Management Team documents
population-weighted exposures to ozone and PM10 between 1995
and 1999, project exposures in 2010, and computes the value
of four scenarios for 2010: A 10 percent reduction in PM10
and ozone. A 20 percent reduction in PM10 and ozone.
Achievement of ambient air quality standards across the
metropolitan area. A 68 percent reduction in ozone and a 47
percent reduction in PM10 across the metropolitan area. The
authors calculate the health benefits of reducing ozone and
PM10 for each scenario using dose-response functions from
the peer-reviewed literature. They value cases of morbidity
and premature mortality avoided using three approaches: Cost
of illness and forgone earnings only (low estimate). Cost of
illness...
Link permanente para citações:
Air Pollution During Growth: Accounting for Governance and Vulnerability
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
66.63%
#ABATEMENT#ABATEMENT EFFORT#AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION#AIR EMISSIONS#AIR MONITORING#AIR POLLUTANTS#AIR POLLUTION#AIR PRESSURE#AIR QUALITY#AIR QUALITY MODELS#CAPITAL STOCK
New research on urban air pollution
casts doubt on the conventional view of the relationship
between economic growth and environmental quality. This view
holds that pollution automatically increases until societies
reach middle-income status because poor countries have
neither the institutional capacity nor the political
commitment necessary to regulate polluters. Some
policymakers and researchers have cited this model (called
the "environmental Kuznets curve," or EKC) when
arguing that developing countries should "grow first,
clean up later." However, new evidence suggests that
the EKC model is misleading because it mistakenly assumes
that strong environmental governance is not possible for
poor countries. As the authors show in this paper, the
empirical relationship between pollution and income becomes
much weaker when measures of governance are added to the
analysis. Their results also suggest that previous research
has underestimated the effect of geographic vulnerability
(climate and terrain factors) on air quality. The authors
find that weak governance and geographic vulnerability alone
can account for the crisis levels of air pollution in many
developing country cities. When these factors are combined
with income and population effects...
Link permanente para citações:
Indoor Air Pollution Associated with Household Fuel Use in India : An Exposure Assessment and Modeling Exercise in Rural Districts of Andhra Pradesh, India
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
66.67%
#AERODYNAMIC DIAMETER#AGE GROUP#AIR FLOW#AIR POLLUTANT#AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS#AIR POLLUTANTS#AIR POLLUTION#AIR POLLUTION CONCENTRATIONS#AIR POLLUTION LEVELS#AIR POLLUTION REDUCTION#AIR QUALITY
Indoor air pollutants associated with
combustion of solid fuels in households of developing
countries are now recognized as a major source of health
risks to the exposed populations. Based on this background,
the present study was designed with three major objectives:
to monitor household pollution concentrations in a
statistically representative rural sample in southern India;
to model household indoor air pollution levels based on
information on household-level parameters collected through
questionnaires, in order to determine how well such survey
information could be used to estimate air pollution levels
without monitoring; and to record time/activity and other
information at the household-level, in order to estimate the
exposures of different household members. This paper
contains the following headings: background, study design
and methodology, results, and conclusions.
Link permanente para citações:
The Cost of Air Pollution
Fonte: World Bank Group, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank Group, Washington, DC
Tipo: Trabalho em Andamento
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
66.64%
#SANITATION#RISKS#CARBON CONTENT#AIRCRAFT NOISE#TRAFFIC CONGESTION#PEOPLE#ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION#CARBON DIOXIDE#FOSSIL FUELS#STROKE#PASSENGERS
In 2010, the Municipality of Cuenca,
through its environmental management commission (EMC), and
the World Bank, through the environment and natural
resources department, started a collaboration targeted
towards strengthening EMC’s capacity to better manage
Cuenca’s environmental assets and to provide EMC with hard
evidence and data that will serve as departing point for
decision-makers towards the formulation of public policy.
Two main areas of focus were chosen: (i) costs of
environmental degradation for Cuenca; and (ii) climate
change impacts and resilience measures for Cuenca. This
report describes the findings of the first area of focus.
This report tries to capture the main results and to
describe the assumptions and input data utilized, through a
detailed step-by-step description of an
internationally-accepted and validated methodology, an
explanation of input data needs, equations used, assumptions
made, and alternative calculation streams; and through the
demonstration of this methodology as it is applied to the
real case of air pollution in Cuenca. Analyses about the
cost of environmental degradation are often used as an
environmental priority-setting tool...
Link permanente para citações:
Risk assessment for environmental health in Adelaide based on weather, air pollution and population health outcomes.
Fonte: Universidade de Adelaide
Publicador: Universidade de Adelaide
Tipo: Tese de Doutorado
Publicado em //2010
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
66.6%
Background:
The progression of climate change may have wide ranging and varied implications for population health. Climatologists predict increases in heatwaves, droughts and bushfires for Australia, with health consequences including a potential rise in heatrelated illnesses and adverse effects from increases in some air pollutants. Epidemiological evidence of the impact of temperature extremes and air pollution on morbidity and mortality at the local level is essential to identify site specific characteristics of vulnerable sub-populations and in projections of future scenarios. This study aimed to assess the impact of weather and air pollution on population health outcomes in Adelaide, and to inform decision makers on likely health impacts of climate change.
Method:
Health outcome, meteorological and air quality data for periods of up to 12 years were used to assess the environmental health impact of heatwaves and air pollution on morbidity in Adelaide. The first part of the study investigated the impact of heatwaves, defined as being three or more consecutive days of maximum temperatures 35°C or above, on hospital admissions, ambulance callouts and emergency department visits using a case series approach. Spatial analytical techniques were used to identify regions at increased risk in the metropolitan area. The second part of the study investigated...
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Air Pollution, Politics, and Environmental Reform in Birmingham, Alabama 1940--1971
Fonte: Universidade Rice
Publicador: Universidade Rice
Tipo: Thesis; Text
Formato: 311 p.; application/pdf
Português
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#Social sciences#Air pollution#Alabama#Coal industry#State governments#American history#Environmental law#Environmental justice
This dissertation contends that efforts to reduce air pollution in Birmingham, Alabama, from the 1940s through the early 1970s relied on citizens who initially resisted federal involvement but eventually realized that they needed Washington's help. These activists had much in common with clean air groups in other U.S. cities, but they were somewhat less successful because of formidable industrial opposition. In the 1940s the political power of the Alabama coal industry kept Birmingham from following the example of cities that switched to cleaner-burning fuels. The coal industry's influence on Alabama politics had waned somewhat by the late 1960s, but U.S. Steel and its allies wielded enough political power in 1969 to win passage of a weak air pollution law over one favored by activists. Throughout this period the federal government gradually increased its involvement in Alabama's air pollution politics, culminating in the late 1960s and early 1970s with the enactment of environmental laws that empowered federal officials to pressure Alabama to pass a revised 1971 air pollution law that met national standards. After the passage of this law, but before the appointment of an air pollution control board to enforce it, a federal judge temporarily shut down Birmingham-area industries at the request of the Environmental Protection Agency...
Link permanente para citações:
Racing to the Bottom? Foreign Investment and Air Pollution in Developing Countries
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper; Publications & Research
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
66.67%
#AEROSOLS#AIR#AIR MONITORING#AIR POLLUTION#AIR POLLUTION CONTROL#AIR POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS#AIR QUALITY#CAPITAL MARKETS#CLIMATIC CONDITIONS#COMMUNITY ACTION#COMMUNITY RIGHT TO KNOW
Critics of free trade have raised the
specter of a "race to the bottom," in which
environmental standards collapse because polluters threaten
to relocate to "pollution havens" in the
developing world. Proponents of this view advocate high,
globally uniform standards enforced by punitive trade
measures that neutralize the cost advantage of would-be
pollution havens. To test the race-to-the-bottom model, the
author analyzes recent air quality trends in the United
States and in Brazil, China, and Mexico, the three largest
recipients of foreign investment in the developing world.
The evidence clearly contradicts the model's central
prediction. The most dangerous form of air
pollution--suspended particulate matter--has actually
declined in major cities in all four countries during the
era of globalization. Citing recent research, the author
argues that the race-to-the-bottom model is flawed because
its basic assumptions misrepresent the political economy of
pollution control in developing countries. He proposes a
more realistic model...
Link permanente para citações:
The Arab Republic of Egypt : For Better or For Worse, Air Pollution in Greater Cairo
Fonte: Washington, DC
Publicador: Washington, DC
Tipo: Economic & Sector Work :: Policy Note; Economic & Sector Work
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
66.68%
#ABATEMENT COSTS#AIR#AIR POLLUTANT#AIR POLLUTANTS#AIR POLLUTION#AIR POLLUTION CONTROL#AIR POLLUTION PROBLEM#AIR POLLUTION REDUCTION#AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT#AIR QUALITY STANDARDS#AIRPORT
This sector note presents the results of
the World Bank-led study on the development of a strategy of
the government of the Arab Republic of Egypt to respond to
air quality problems in Greater Cairo. The Greater Cairo
Metropolitan Area (GCMA) is the largest urban and industrial
center in Egypt, which, in 2009, was ranked eighth among the
world's top urban agglomerations. Twenty million people
live and work in Greater Cairo, which is surrounded by major
heavy industries to the north and the south, including
large, as well as small and medium enterprises. As in many
megacities in the world, air pollution has been a chronic
problem in Greater Cairo. The persistent air quality problem
represents a serious hurdle to the competitiveness that is a
key to the socioeconomic development of Greater Cairo and
therefore the nation. An action plan has prepared for the
implementation of the main sectorial policies. This action
plan will have to be developed and changed where required
because it can only be implemented within a coherent
framework of environmental...
Link permanente para citações:
Cleaning Pakistan's Air : Policy Options to Address the Cost of Outdoor Air Pollution
Fonte: Washington, DC: World Bank
Publicador: Washington, DC: World Bank
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Publication
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
66.73%
#AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH#AEROSOLS#AFFORESTATION#AIR#AIR EMISSIONS#AIR POLLUTANT#AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS#AIR POLLUTANTS#AIR POLLUTION#AIR POLLUTION CONCENTRATIONS#AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Pakistan's urban air pollution is
among the most severe in the world and it engenders
significant damages to human health and the economy. Air
pollution, inadequate water supply, sanitation, and hygiene
are the top environmental priority problems in Pakistan.
Industrialization and urbanization, in conjunction with
motorization, can result in further deterioration of urban
air quality. This book examines policy options to strengthen
the Pakistan clean air program (PCAP) to better address the
cost imposed by outdoor air pollution upon Pakistan's
economy and populace. The approach provided in this book
recommends that the federal and provincial environmental
protection agencies (EPAs) take on a limited number of high
return, essential, and feasible interventions drawn largely
from the PCAP. The objective of this book is to examine
policy options to control outdoor air pollution in Pakistan.
The findings of the analysis aim at assisting the Government
of Pakistan (GoP) in the design and implementation of
reforms to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of
Pakistan's ambient air quality institutions. The
overarching theme of this book is that prioritizing
interventions is essential to address the cost of outdoor
air pollution...
Link permanente para citações:
Guangzhou Green Trucks Pilot Project : Background Analysis Report
Fonte: Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities Center and the World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities Center and the World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Economic & Sector Work :: Policy Note; Economic & Sector Work
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
66.61%
#ACCELERATION#AERODYNAMIC DEVICES#AERODYNAMICS#AIR#AIR EMISSIONS#AIR POLLUTANT#AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS#AIR POLLUTANTS#AIR POLLUTION#AIR QUALITY#AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
This document was devloped as it
initiated a pilot project - dubbed Guangzhou Green Trucks
Pilot Project in support of Guangzhou's efforts to
improve air quality in preparation for the 2010 Asian Games.
The goal of this project was to develop a proof of concept
for a truck program in Guangdong Province, and possibly
China, that aims to: Enhance the fuel economy of the truck
fleet, Reduce black carbon and other air pollutants from
trucks and consequently obtain GHG emission savings.The
project was implemented by the Clean Air Initiative for
Asian Cities Center (CAI-Asia Center), in cooperation with
Cascade Sierra Solutions, US EPA and World Bank, and with
support from Guangzhou Environmental Protection Bureau
(GEPB), Guangzhou Transport Committee (GTC), and Guangzhou
Project Management Office (PMO) for the World Bank.The pilot
project aims to contribute to addressing three problems
related to trucks in Guangzhou and the wider Guangdong
province simultaneously: (a) fuel costs and security; (b)
air pollution and associated health impacts...
Link permanente para citações:
Health, Wealth, and Air Pollution: Advancing Theory and Methods
Fonte: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Publicador: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
66.61%
The effects of both ambient air pollution and socioeconomic position (SEP) on health are well documented. A limited number of recent studies suggest that SEP may itself play a role in the epidemiology of disease and death associated with exposure to air pollution. Together with evidence that poor and working-class communities are often more exposed to air pollution, these studies have stimulated discussion among scientists, policy makers, and the public about the differential distribution of the health impacts from air pollution. Science and public policy would benefit from additional research that integrates the theory and practice from both air pollution and social epidemiologies to gain a better understanding of this issue. In this article we aim to promote such research by introducing readers to methodologic and conceptual approaches in the fields of air pollution and social epidemiology; by proposing theories and hypotheses about how air pollution and socioeconomic factors may interact to influence health, drawing on studies conducted worldwide; by discussing methodologic issues in the design and analysis of studies to determine whether health effects of exposure to ambient air pollution are modified by SEP; and by proposing specific steps that will advance knowledge in this field...
Link permanente para citações:
Controlling air pollution from passenger ferries: Cost-effectiveness of seven technological options
Fonte: Journal of Air and Waste Management Association
Publicador: Journal of Air and Waste Management Association
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
76.44%
Continued interest in improving air quality in the United
States along with renewed interest in the expansion of
urban passenger ferry service has created concern about
air pollution from ferry vessels. This paper presents a
methodology for estimating the air pollution emissions
from passenger ferries and the costs of emissions control
strategies. The methodology is used to estimate the emissions
and costs of retrofitting or re-powering ferries with
seven technological options (combinations of propulsion
and emission control systems) onto three vessels currently
in service in San Francisco Bay. The technologies
include improved engine design, cleaner fuels (including
natural gas), and exhaust gas cleanup devices. The three
vessels span a range of ages and technologies, from a
25-year-old monohull to a modern, high-speed catamaran
built only four years ago. By looking at a range of
technologies, vessel designs, and service conditions, a
sense of the broader implications of controlling emissions
from passenger ferries across a range of vessels and service
profiles is provided. Tier 2-certified engines are the most
cost-effective choice, but all options are cost-effective relative
to other emission control strategies already in place
in the transportation system.; The magazine publisher is the copyright holder of this article and it
is reproduced with permission. Further reproduction of this article in
violation of the copyright is prohibited. To contact the publisher:
http://www.awma.org/
Link permanente para citações:
Spatial analysis of annual air pollution exposure and mortality
Fonte: Elsevier
Publicador: Elsevier
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
66.6%
#Keywords: Economic and social effects#Geographic information systems#Hazards#Air pollution exposures#Socio-economic status#Air pollution#nitric oxide#atmospheric pollution#GIS#mortality#pollution exposure
The aim of this study was to relate ambient air pollution levels to mortality in Auckland, New Zealand. We used urban airshed modelling and GIS-based techniques to quantify long-term exposure to ambient air pollution levels and associated mortality. After adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, socio-economic status, and urban/rural domicile there was a 1.3% (95%CI: 1-1.5%) increase in non-external cause mortality, and 1.8% (95%CI: 1.5-2.1%) increase in circulatory and respiratory causes per 1 μg/m3 increase in annual average NO2. Based on these exposure-response relationships and applying an annual average threshold of 13 μg/m3, the average annual (for 1996-1999) number of people estimated to die from non-external causes and circulatory and respiratory causes attributable to air pollution in Auckland is 268 (95% range: 227-310) (3.9% of total all cause deaths) and 203 (95% range: 169-237) (5.9% of total circulatory and respiratory deaths) per year, respectively. The number of attributable deaths found in this study are consistent with a previous New Zealand risk assessment using a different methodology, and is approximately twice the number of people dying from motor vehicle accidents in the region, which is on average (1996-1999) 103 per year. The GIS-based exposure maps identify high exposure areas for policy developers and planners in a simple and realistic manner. Taken together with overseas studies the study provides additional evidence that long-term exposure to poor air quality...
Link permanente para citações:
Interactions Between Particulate Air Pollution and Temperature in Air Pollution Mortality Time Series Studies
Fonte: Academic Press
Publicador: Academic Press
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
66.66%
#Keywords: air temperature#atmospheric pollution#mortality#suspended particulate matter#air pollution#air temperature#article#linear system#mortality#priority journal#sensitivity analysis
In many community time series studies on the effect of particulate air pollution on mortality, particulate air pollution is modeled additively. In this study, we investigated the interaction between daily particulate air pollution and daily mean temperature in Cook County, Illinois and Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, using data for the period 1987-1994. This was done through the use of joint particulate air pollution-temperature response surfaces and by stratifying the effect of particulate air pollution on mortality by temperature. Evidence that the effect of particulate air pollution on mortality may depend on temperature is found. However, the results were sensitive to the number of degrees of freedom used in the confounder adjustments, the particulate air pollution exposure measure, and how the effects of temperature on mortality are modeled. The results were less sensitive to the estimation method used - generalized linear models and natural cubic splines or generalized additive models and smoothing splines. The results of this study suggest that in community particulate air pollution mortality time series studies the possibility of an interaction between daily particulate air pollution and daily mean temperature should be considered.
Link permanente para citações:
Air pollution and its health impacts: the changing panorama
Fonte: Australasian Medical Association
Publicador: Australasian Medical Association
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
66.6%
#Keywords: acid#carbon monoxide#coal#fuel#lead#nitrogen oxide#ozone#sulfur dioxide#air pollutant#air pollution#air pollution control
Urban air pollution levels are associated with increased mortality and cardiorespiratory morbidity. These health effects occur even at exposure levels below those stipulated in current air-quality guidelines, and it is unclear whether a safe threshold exists. Air pollution in Australia and New Zealand comes primarily from motor vehicle emissions, electricity generation from fossil fuels, heavy industry, and home heating using wood and coal. In individual patients a direct link between symptoms and air pollution exposure may be difficult to establish and may not change their clinical management. However, avoiding exposure during periods of peak pollution may be beneficial. Although there is some evidence that urban air pollution in Australia and New Zealand has been decreasing (through reduced car use, improved emission-control technology and use of more energy-efficient devices in the household and in industry), pollution levels are still unsatisfactory. Further reductions may prevent hundreds of cardiorespiratory hospital admissions and deaths each year.
Link permanente para citações:
An investigation of distributed lag models in the context of air pollution and mortality time series analysis
Fonte: Air and Waste Management Association
Publicador: Air and Waste Management Association
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Português
Relevância na Pesquisa
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#Keywords: Health care#Particles (particulate matter)#Waste management#Air pollution effects#Air pollution exposure#Air pollution mortality#Air pollution#air pollution#article#comparative study#concentration (parameters)
In particulate air pollution mortality time series studies, the particulate air pollution exposure measure used is typically the current day's or the previous day's air pollution concentration or a multi-day moving average air pollution concentration. Distributed lag models (DLMs) that allow for differential air pollution effects that are spread over multiple days are seen as an improvement over using a single- or multi-day moving average air pollution exposure measure. However, at the current time, the statistical properties of DLMs as a measure of air pollution exposure have not been investigated. In this paper, a simulation study is used to investigate the performance of DLMs as a measure of air pollution exposure in comparison with single- and multi-day moving average air pollution exposure measures under various forms for the true effect of air pollution on mortality. The simulation study shows that DLMs offer a more robust measure of the effect of air pollution on mortality and avoid the potential for a large negative bias compared with single- or multi-day moving average air pollution exposure measures. This is important information. In many U.S. cities, particulate air pollution concentrations are observed only once every six days...
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